In large format photography you use different movements to achieve the perfect photograph. The focal plane or the front standard is where you focus the subject, and the film plane or rear standard is where you control perspective.
Plane of Sharp Focus:
This is the area you want to keep in sharp focus, you use movements to achieve this.
Rise and Fall:
This is used to keep the lens axis and film plane perpendicular. Its the vertical travel of the standard. Rise means the standard can go above neutral position. Fall is the opposite meaning it can go below neutral position.
This shows the cameras rise, with you moving upwards you are not distorting the photograph subject, because you are keeping the camera parallel.
Shift:
This is the horizontal standard travel. You can shift left and right. You may use this when your tripod is against a building, as shift can give you that extra distance. This is once again used to keep the film and focal planes parallel.
Swing:
This is when the plane of the standard is turned to the left or the right. It can be used to fix the distortion or horizontal lines. With this movement the focal plane and film plane are no longer parallel. This is all for focus.
You use swing to get points in focus that would not be in focus normally.
Tilt:
This is when the plane of the standard is moved off vertical. The front standard tilt makes the lens point upwards or downwards. The rear standard tilt makes the film plane point upward or downward. This corrects the vertical lines.
Scheimflug Principle:
This principle is a geometric rule that describes the way the plane of focus on a camera, when the lens plane is not parallel, using it for the camera movements above. On a normal camera when the subject is not parallel to the image plane only a small region is in focus.